Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical stability. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical resist
Geotechnical exploration methods are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These structures can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of non-invasive exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as
Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral resources. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observati